Pigments
- Inorganic Pigments: Natural minerals (e.g., ochres, ultramarine) or synthetic oxides (e.g., cadmium red, titanium white)
- Organic Pigments: Synthetic compounds (e.g., phthalocyanine blue, quinacridone magenta)
- Specialty Pigments: Metallic, fluorescent, or pearlescent pigments
Binders (Vehicle Mediums)
- Oil Paints: Linseed oil, safflower oil, or walnut oil
- Acrylic Paints: Acrylic polymer emulsion (e.g., PMMA)
- Watercolors: Gum arabic (binder) + glycerin/honey (plasticizer)
Additives
- Dispersants – Improve pigment wetting
- Stabilizers – Prevent separation
- Preservatives – Extend shelf life
- Matting/Gloss Agents – Adjust finish